Producers Green plants - they make glucose during photosynthesis. Primary consumers Usually eat plant material - they are herbivores. For example rabbits, caterpillars, cows and sheep. Secondary ...

Modern oceans, for comparison, max out at trophic level five or six, represented by apex predators like orcas, sperm whales, ...

The questions in this quiz are suitable for GCSE biology students studying trophic levels, pyramids of biomass, and transfer of biomass. If you struggled with the quiz, don't panic - we've got you!

Trophic cascades are powerful indirect interactions that can control entire ecosystems. Trophic cascades occur when predators limit the density and/or behavior of their prey and thereby enhance ...

Trophic levels are the layers or ranks within a food chain that describe the roles organisms play in an ecosystem based on their source of energy and nutrients. Essentially, they help define who ...

A generic BAF model for fish. BAF-QSAR v1.1 provides estimates of the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for generic fish species in lower, middle and upper trophic levels of aquatic food webs. The BAF ...