Energy-level diagram showing the states involved in Raman spectra. Raman spectroscopy (/ ˈrɑːmən /) (named after physicist C. V. Raman) is a spectroscopic technique typically used to determine vibrational modes of molecules, although rotational and other low-frequency modes of systems may also be observed. [1]

Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool for determining chemical species. As with other spectroscopic techniques, Raman spectroscopy detects certain interactions of light with matter. In particular, this technique exploits the existence of Stokes and Anti-Stokes scattering to examine molecular structure.

This review discusses the fundamentals of Raman spectroscopic tools such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and Resonance Raman spectroscopy, their variants, and the associated...

A plot that shows the intensity of scattered radiation as a function of the scattered photon's energy, expressed as a change in the wavenumber, Δν¯¯¯, is called a Raman spectrum and values of Δν¯¯¯ are called Raman shifts.

Wide range of molecules to investigate; The standard spectral range reaches well below 400 cm-1, making the technique ideal for both organic and inorganic species. Investigate weak IR bands; Raman spectroscopy can be used to measure bands of symmetric linkages which are weak in an infrared spectrum such as C=C, C-S and S-S.

Raman spectroscopy has become an incredibly useful analytical technique for the identification of organic, inorganic, and biological samples. Raman spectra can generally be measured from solids, liquids, and gases, including thin films and powders.

Human body fluids are analyzed using Raman spectroscopy in order to gain biochemical information for medical research and several methods for obtaining the Raman scattering spectra of human...

Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a modern Raman spectrometer. A visible light or UV or IR from a laser source is delivered through a lens and a filter. The light is then reflected by a mirror and...

The Renishaw Raman spectrometer is an imaging spectrograph on-axis stigmatic design with a -70 oC Peltier cooled CCD detector. Advanced inverted mode, deep depletion and UV optimized detectors are available as options.

Fig. 8.1 shows a schematic diagram of the Raman spectrometer. The light source is a 632.8-nm (red) He-Ne laser, and a number of lenses and mirrors are used to route the incident beam to the sample and to collect the scattered light onto a narrow-slit entry point of the spectrometer.